Countable and Uncountable

Os substantivos podem ser contáveis (countable) e incontáveis (uncountable). Um substantivo pode ser singular ou plural, exemplo: Banana/Bananas. Podemos usar números para substantivos contáveis. Assim, podemos dizer 'one banana', 'two bananas', etc.

I eat a banana every day.

I like bananas.

No caso dos uncountables, o substantivo tem apenas um formato. Não podemos dizer números para substantivos incontáveis, 'one rices', 'two rices', etc.

I eat rice every day.

I like rice.

COUNTABLE

	Countable
Plural – S /s/, /z/	Apple Photo Month Roof Shop Vip	Apples Photos Months Roofs Shops Vips
Plural – es /iz/	Box Bus Dish Orange Safe Sandwich Potato	Boxes Buses Dishes Oranges Safes Sandwiches Potatoes
Plural – ys Vowel +y /z/	Toy Day Key Monkey	Toys Days Keys Monkeys
Plural – ies consonant + y /iz/	Baby Cherry Candy Family	Babies Cherries Candies Families
F(e) – ves /z/	Half Life Loaf Knife Leaf Wolf Wife	Halves Lives Loaves Knives leaves wolves wives
Irregular Plurals	Child Crisis Foot Goose Man Mouse Person Tooth Woman	Children Crises Feet Geese Men Mice People Teeth Women

UNCOUNTABLE

	Uncountable
Abstract nouns	Art Beauty Freedom Help Homework Housework Idea Justice	Luck Literature Love Music Noise Power Weather Work
Food	Bread Cake Cheese Chocolate Fruit	Meat Pasta Popcorn Salad Seafood
Gases	Air CO2 Fog Oxigen Smoke
Liquids and creamy substances (Líquidos e substâncias cremosas)	Alcohol Butter Coffee Cream Honey Ice cream Jam Juice Ketchup Lemonade	Milk Oil Rain Sauce Soup Snow Tea Yoghurt Water Wine
Materials	Cotton (algodão) Gold Glass Ice Iron Metal Rubber (borracha)	Paper Plastic Silver Stone Wood (madeira) Wool (lã)
Other	Accommodation Advice Cash Furniture Information	Luggage Money News Time Traffic
Substances	Corn (milho) Chalk (giz) Flour (farinha) Grass (grama) Rice (arroz) Pepper (pimenta)	Powder (em pó) Salt (sal) Sand (areia) Soil (solo) Sugar Wheat (Trigo)

Um substantivo às vezes pode ser contável e incontável, mas com significados diferentes:

Paper – um jornal	Some Paper – papel (in general)
An iron – um ferro elétrico	Some iron – ferro
A glass – um copo	Some glass – vidro
A rubber – uma borracha	Some rubber – borracha (in general material)
One hair – um pêlo (Individual strands)	Some hair – cabelo
A noise – um barulho	Some noise – in general
A chicken – um frango	Some chicken – comida (the food)
A room – um quarto	Some room – specific places
A time – um tempo	Some time – general concept
A memory – uma memória (specific past event)	Some memory – the ability to remember (in general)

Expressing Quantity

	Countable	Uncountable
+++	Lost of A lot of	Lost of A lot of
+	A few Not many	A little Not much
-	Hardly any	Hardly any
Ø	No Not... any	No Not... any
Mais que suficiente	Plenty of	Plenty of
Excessivo	Too many	Too much
Insuficiente	Not enough	Not enough

💡Lembrete: Fewer é "menos" para coisas contáveis. Less é "menos" para coisas incontáveis

Defining quantities (a definição das quantidades)

a piece of cake. (Um pedaço de bolo).
a cup of coffee. (Um copo de café).
a loaf of bread. (Uma fatia de pão).
a bowl of cereal. (Uma tigela de cereal).
a pint of water. (Um litro de água)
a jug of flowers. (Uma jarra de flores).
pieces of. (Pedaços de...)
a bit of. (Um pouco de...)
a few. (Um pouco de...)
bits of. (pedaços/partes de...)
an item of. (Um exemplar/item de...)
items of. (exemplares/itens de...)
a lot of. (muito de...)
lots of. (muitos/muitas...)
some. (um pouco de… /algum/alguns/alguma/algumas)

1. Bag
2. Bottle
3. Box
4. Can 
5. Carton
6. Gallon
7. Jar
8. Packet
9. Roll
10. Stick
11. Tub (tŭb)
12. Tube